I’m re-reading Ron Sider’s Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger, and it’s reminding me of the details of the perspective I now have about Biblical theology regarding the poor. I thought it would be worth outlining this perspective for future reference.
In the Old Testament, why did God send the Israelites into exile?
For much of my life, I would have said something like, “Because they were worshipping idols instead of him.” Certainly that was a central issue. But I completely missed a major aspect. Maybe that’s what I was taught. Maybe it’s because the History books mention lots of idolatry, and I always found it harder to pay attention when I read through the Prophets. But numerous books have pointed out to me how the Prophets condemn Israel’s oppression and neglect of the poor about as much as they condemn their idolatry. Now when I read them I’m amazed how I missed the theme before – indeed, how central it is to the entire Bible.
In the Law, God commanded Israel to worship him and maintain various personal morals – think the famous Ten Commandments. But the Israelite’s duty to others was more than simply the lack of any harmful activity (like theft or murder). God placed a strong emphasis on caring for the widow, the orphan, the poor, and the foreigner in their land.
“Open your hand to the poor and needy neighbor, in your land.” (Deut 15:11) Every three years a tenth of the harvest was to be given to needy demographics (Deut 14:28). Every seven years the land was to “lie fallow, that the poor of your people may eat” what grew. Every fifty years, Jubilee was to return land to those who had sold it out of poverty.
The story of Ruth gives us a tiny glimpse of a very little of this in action. But as things go downhill, the History books mention a lot of idolatry and some of the personal moral failures. They don’t talk that much about how the poor were being treated.
For a well-rounded picture of that, we must include the Prophets. A few examples: Amos said the “transgressions of Israel” included “those who trample the head of the poor into the dust” (2:7). Isaiah declared “woe to those who… rob the poor of my people of their right” (10:1-2) Jeremiah condemned those “among my people” who “do not defend the rights of the needy.” (5:26-29) And it wasn’t just Israel that upset God by their treatment of the poor. Ezekiel stunningly claimed, “this was the guilt of your sister Sodom: she and her daughters had pride, excess of food, and prosperous ease, but did not aid the poor and needy”!
Why are we so good at remembering Sodom’s sexual transgressions and so good at ignoring their “sinful unconcern for the poor”? (Sider) Why did I need extra-Biblical books to show me what was in the same Bible I’d read several times? Is it really just because Ezekiel is a more boring book than Genesis? Or, as Sider says, “is it because the former is less upsetting” to our personal lifestyles?
The Prophets also looked hopefully to a future when these wrongs would be righted. Jesus is the total fulfillment of this. When he says “the kingdom of heaven is at hand,” it is not just to save us from our sins and improve our personal morality, it is also to empower us to promote God’s justice and righteousness on the earth – to bring Isaiah’s “good news to the poor” and “proclaim liberty to the captives.” The gospel of Luke is full of encouragement from Jesus to comprehensively consider the poor and needy (6:30, 12:33, 14:13, 16:19-25, 18:22, 19:8-9).
The early church seemed to embrace this wholeheartedly. Acts shows the Christian community sharing resources so completely that “there was not a needy person among them” (4:34) Paul writes a good deal to encourage generosity between churches to meet each other’s needs. (Gal 2:10, Rom 15:22-28, 1 Cor 16:1-4, 2 Cor 8-9) And just about every Christian book on poverty quotes the Roman emperor Julian’s perplexed observation that the Christians “feed not only their poor but ours also.”
So what do we have?
- God commanded Israel to care for the poor.
- God punished Israel when they failed to care for the poor.
- God’s prophets prophesied of a future where his people would care for the poor.
- Jesus came to bring the kingdom and fulfill those prophesies and urged his followers to care for the poor.
- Jesus’ followers did care for the poor, and it was instrumental to the growth of the early church.
From the Old to the New, through the Law and Prophets and Gospels, this idea fills the Bible. Proverbs says “He who is generous to the poor lends to the Lord.” (19:17) Jesus says if we feed the hungry, we are feeding him. (Matt 25:40) This is not itself the purpose of Christianity, but it runs through its core, and it is an inseparable aspect of the kingdom of God in the world.
I feel like it is common to reduce the “kingdom to God” to evangelism. Where there are large concentrations of poverty – especially when there is high crime and other troubles that come with it – we say “those people need Jesus” (as if none of them have him already), and if we don’t think we’re the ones called to evangelize Jesus to them then we think there is nothing Jesus wants us to do for them.
I now think such a view tragically misses the completeness of the gospel. I now see caring for the poor as an inherent part of the kingdom, whereby the infinite generosity of Jesus compels us to be generous to others (see also Matt 18:21-35). And because it is so inherent, it is no surprise when its proper application tends to be accompanied by the evangelistic (that is, soul-saving) aspects of the kingdom as well.
What does that proper application look like for any given individual? Does it mean moving to live with the poor, as an extension of the way Jesus left heaven to live with us? Does it mean selling all we have to give to the poor, as Jesus told one rich man to do? Does it mean inviting the poor to banquets, and feeding and clothing them? Teaching them to feed themselves? What about working to end their unequal treatment under the law? Should all assistance be voluntary, or is there a place for the government – and at what level? Does Jesus imply giving for the sake of giving, or should we focus on poverty alleviation? Do we reach out to the poor near us, or the poorest on the globe? Should we do things ourselves, or can we just support those who do?
People will have differing opinions on the theological details and the actions they imply. There are many different actions God calls his people to do. I think the latest editions of Rich Christians In An Age of Hunger and When Helping Hurts: How to Alleviate Poverty Without Hurting The Poor… And Yourself (available at most libraries) are a great place to start. They thoroughly consider the theological case for helping the poor as well as humbly exploring what that looks like in today’s world.
Perhaps you disagree entirely. That’s fine. We’re still wrestling with what it all means for us. But I hope this helps you see how we see things, and maybe it will encourage you to wrestle a bit, too. To quote once more from Sider,
Living differently – doing all God wants us to do to change structural injustice – by no means involves trying to do everything. We each have our own unique gifts and calling… Everyone should prayerfully ask God what limited, specific things God wants him or her to concentrate on. Being called to do all God wants us to do to correct social sin is not a heavy burden. It is an invitation to joy and meaning in life, an occasion for blessing our neighbors, and a wondrous opportunity to be a coworker with the Lord of history.